Aids/Hiv Essay 6

Kimberly S. Johnson SOS 313 Social Implications of aesculapian Issues valet de chambre Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Its acid Effects Deanna Swinford March 14, 2010 Over the past few decades Human immunodeficiency computer computer virus (human immunodeficiency virus) infection &038 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (acquired resistant deficiency syndrome) bar strategies has foc utilised on helping high gamble individuals including individuals un infect with human immunodeficiency virus.The responsibility of National programs is to inform the frequent regarding prevention strategies, divulge priorities, plan, and tool disease prevention strategies. Its common k wish a shotledge in altogether over the world that human immunodeficiency virus infection is the leading cause of closing. Human immunodeficiency virus human immunodeficiency virus and help remain the leading causes of affection and death in the United States. As of December cc4, an estimated 944,306 pe rsons had received a diagnosing of help, and of these 529,113 (56%) had died (Center for ailment admit, 2010). Approximately 40,000 new episodes of HIV infection occur all(prenominal) year and 40 million people worldwide argon now living with HIV (Falvo, 2010, pg. 318). Everyone knows, or should be aw are that theres no way to restore their damaged immune system, and no cure for HIV, nor for AIDS. Advances in health check systems today learn shown improved action expectancy. Since 1995, the hail of deaths from AIDS in the United States has declined so signifi fuckingtly that HIV/AIDS is no longer set as a terminal illness but rather as a chronic condition to be managed (Falvo, 2010, pg. 18). A virus is an infectious organism that under rampnot grow or retch outside living cubicles. To survive, it must enter a living cell and use the reproductive capacity of that cell for its own replication. Consequently, when a virus enters a cell, it instructs the cell to reproduce t he virus (Falvo, 2010, pg. 313). Normally the consistence recognizes these as foreign, this is how a healthy immune system is suppose to work, as I remember from anatomy and physiology, then go forth destroy the foreign cells. some(prenominal) will remain dormant, erstwhile(prenominal)s for long periods of time, and without causing problems, but noneffervescent will remain in our body with other cells and can repeat at any time. HIV infection is ca enforce by a retrovirus called HIV. A retrovirus uses a complicated litigate called avoid transcription to reproduce itself. This process uses a viral enzyme called reverse transcriptase to integrate the viruss genetic material into the other cells. HIV essentially takes over these cells in the beginning the CD4 cells to produce much HIV.They multiply extremely rapidly and some errors caused by this rapid generation of ells are not corrected, so there are constant mutations of the virus. Some of the cells containing the virus bur st, releasing HIV directly into the tear stream. Consequently, there can be both infected cells and virus in the blood traveling to other sites (Falvo, 2010, pg. 313). This rapid generation of cells explain why some patients who whitethorn learn been somewhat stable, then they rapidly dribble or their medications do not seem to work anymore.The symptoms of HIV and AIDS vary depending on the phase of the infection. Early infectionwhen first infected with HIV, you may have no signs or symptoms at all, although its more common to develop a brief flu-like illness two to cardinal weeks after becoming infected. Signs and symptoms may include * Fever * Headache * harebrained throat * fruitless lymph glands * Rash Even if you dont have symptoms, youre still able to transmit the virus to others. Once the virus enters your body, your immune system also shape ups under attack.The virus multiplies in your lymph nodes and tardily begins to destroy your helper T cells (CD4 lymphocytes) & 8212the white blood cells that coordinate your inbuilt immune system (Mayo clinic, 2010). In my opinion, this phase is when near HIV is transmitted, sexually people dont know they have it, they are agreeable in unprotected sex and its honest too late. This among others is a priority guideed regarding informing public awareness. Later infectionyou may remain symptom free for eight or nine years or more.As the virus continues to multiply and destroy immune cells, you may develop mild infections or chronic symptoms such(prenominal) as * Swollen lymph nodes-of decennary one of the first signs of HIV infection * Diarrhea * freight passage * Fever * Cough &038 Shortness of Breath This phase is scary in itself it could be a multitude of conditions, an individual wouldnt know, depending on their lifestyle, in all likelihood have a clue that they have aides. I do not guess any of our physicians would guess HIV infection either.Thinking back, I have taken maintenance of a few HIV p atients, and if I didnt already know they had the infection, I dont think I could have guessed it But they do have a fantasm circles around their eyes, deathly look, and very pale. A number of the signs and symptoms are just what you would guess for the flu, or respiratory infection. Just think for so some(prenominal) years, they are carrying the virus, and not knowing During the last phase of HIVwhich occurs ten or more years after the initial infection, more honest symptoms begin to appear, infection may then meet the official rendering of AIDS.In 1993 the CDC redefined AIDS to mean the presence of HIV infection as shown by a positive HIV antibody test plus at least one of the following * The development of an opportunistic infection-an infection that occurs when your immune system is impaired. Such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) * A CD4 lymphocyte count of 200 of less (normal 800-1200) By the time AIDS develops your immune system has been intemperately damaged, maki ng you susceptible to opportunistic infections. The signs and symptoms of some of these infections may include * immerse dark sweats Shaking chills or fever higher than deoxycytidine monophosphate*F for some(prenominal) weeks * Dry cough and Shortness of Breath * degenerative diarrhea, Headaches * Persistent white spots or unusual lesions on your knife or in your mouth * Blurred or distorted vision, Weight loss You may also begin to experience signs and symptoms of later stages HIV infection itself, such as * Persistent, unexplained fatigue * Soaking night sweats * Shaking chills or fever higher than 100*F for several(prenominal) weeks * degenerative diarrhea, persistent headachesEveryone should get tested especially if they are engaging in high luck behavior, like IV dose use, unprotected sex. Every community should also make their people erudite about services available to them. High risk individuals also need to know these test are mystical and not released to anyone el se, including the federal government, employers, redress companies and family members, unless of course the individual gives permission or consent to do so as stated by the Mayo Clinic. (2010). there are several ways to become infected with HIV Sexual Transmission Vaginal, anal retentive or oral sex with an infected partner whose blood, semen or vaginal secretions enter your body. * Infected blood Since 1985, American hospitals and blood banks have screened the blood supply for HIV antibodies. * Needle sharing Needles and syringes contaminated with infected blood. Sharing intravenous medicine paraphernalia puts individuals at high risk * Accidental Needle sticks HIV positive people and health veneration workers through needle sticks are low. Experts put the risk at far-off less than 1%. Mother to child Each year closely 600,000 infants are infected with HIV, either during pregnancy or de colouredy or through breastfeeding. If women receive preaching during pregnancy, the risk to their babies is significantly smotherd. In the U. S. most pregnant women are prescreened for HIV, and antiviral drugs are given. Not so in developing nations, where women seldom know there status, and word is limited or nonexistent. When medications arent available, Caesarean section is recommended instead of vaginal delivery. other options, such as vaginal disinfection, havent proven good (Mayo clinic, 2010).Other sources of transmission can be sexual devices that are not serve or covered with a condom. The virus also can be present in vaginal tears or the rectum, which places the person at greater risk of developing HIV. Needle users also should be aware that some communities have a needle exchange program where they can trade used needles and syringes for new ones. Most individuals diagnosed with HIV/AIDS use a test to predict their prognosis called viral load. This measures the amount of virus in the blood, of course the lower the load the better their prognosis. The C enters for distemper Control and Prevention (CDC) encourages adolescents and adults ages 13 to 64 as a part of their good turn medical care for these ages. Yearly testing should be done. Several tests can be done, including ELISA, and Western Blot tests. ELISA looks for antibodies to the virus in a sample of your blood. If the test is positive, meaning you have the antibodies to HIV, they would repeat the test, and then do the western blot test, which checks for HIV proteins, combining the two tests confirms the diagnosis (Mayo clinic, 2010).There are home tests in which you mail in a put of your blood, and call a toll free number to receive the results in three to seven business days. This test is marketed by Home assenting Health, is as accurate as a clinical test, and if positive, they are all retested. We all know, there is no cure for HIV, nor for AIDS, which was first identified sometime in the 80s. Since that time a number of drugs have been genuine to treat both HIV, an d AIDS. The other problem, and a big one, with this condition, is the secondary infections that come along with HIV/AIDS. According to current guidelines, treatment should focus on achieving the maximum suppression of symptoms for as long as possible. This aggressive onward motion is known as highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). The aim of HAART is to reduce the amount of virus in your blood to very low or even nondetectable levels, although this doesnt mean the virus is gone. This is usually accomplished by three or more drugs. The first anti-retroviral drugs developed Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs).They inhibit the replication of the HIV enzyme called reverse transcriptase. They include zidovudine (Retrovir), Iamivudine (Epivir), didanosine (Videx). A newer drug emtricitabine (Emtriva), which must be used in compounding with at least two other AIDS medications, treats both HIV and hepatitis B (Mayo clinic, 2010). handling should be also ai med at quality of life in my opinion, as most of these drugs cause a number of side effects, including the most common nausea, and diarrhea. Another drug, the Protease inhibitor, which interrupts HIV replication at a later stage in the life cycle by interfering with an enzyme known as HIV protease. It causes HIV particles in your body to become structurally disorganized and noninfectious. Protease inhibitors are usually decreed with other medications to help avoid drug resistance. A clinical campaign with a Chemokine co-receptor inhibitors (CCR5 antagonists) make up a new class of drugs used to treat a type of HIV infection called CCR5-tropic HIV-1.The only drug in this classmaraviroc (Selzentry) was used in this trial , approximately in two ways as many people with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection who received maraviroc had undetectable viral loads after 24 weeks as did those who received more quantity therapy in the control groups. The side effects of maraviroc may include liver an d cardiovascular problems, as well as cough, fever, upper respiratory infections, skin rash and abdominal pain. The Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS backup (PEPFAR) is the most recent international social program instituted by the U. S. administration to combat HIV/AIDS.Since its inception in 2003, this foreign policy enterprise has dedicated $63 billion for HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment in foreign countries. Despite PEPFARs many accomplishments, it continues to promote controversial prevention strategies (Barney, Buckingham, Friedrich, Johnson, Robinson, Sar, 2010, p. 9). The most important thing to remember, and to be able to implement is to get individuals, and doctors to coordinate HIV testing into routine medical care. The CDC has initiated several strategies for prevention Strategy 1 Incorporate HIV Testing as a Routine Part of Care in Traditional Medical Settings.CDC will issue recommendations strongly encouraging all health care providers to include HIV testing, whe n indicated, as part of routine medical care, like other routine medical tests by * Promoting removal of real and perceived barriers to routine testing, including de-coupling HIV tests in the medical setting from extensive, pre-test prevention counseling. In some jurisdictions, statutory requirements, e. g. for pretest counseling, can serve as barriers to testing. * work with passkey medical associations and others to promote adoption of the recommendations.CDC will work with public and private payors to promote appropriate reimbursement incentives. Strategy 2 Implement unfermented Models for name HIV Infections Outside Medical Settings. * Encouraging the use of HIV rapid testSome persons do not have access to traditionalistic medical settings * Funding pilot projects in 2003, aimed at identifying the most effective models for HIV diagnosis and referral for medical and stop care which CDC grantees can employ outside traditional medical settings Strategy 3 Prevent New Infection s by Working with People Diagnosed with HIV and their partners.CDC will promote preventive and treatment services within and outside traditional settings by * Working with HRSA to reach those who have been diagnosed with HIV but who are not receiving treatment and care * Conducting demonstration projects through health departments to provide prevention case management and counseling to people living with HIV. * Standardizing procedures for prevention interventions and evaluation activities to run into that such measures are appropriate and effective. * Ensuring that requirements related to partner notification in grant guidelines are fully met. Piloting new approaches to partner notification, including rapid HIV testing for partners and using peers to conduct appropriate partner notification, prevention counseling, and referral. Strategy 4 Further Decrease Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Treatment of pregnant women and their infants can substantially reduce the number of babies bo rn with HIV infection. * Promote screening of every pregnant woman for HIV, using the opt-out approach. polish off prenatal HIV screening a routine part of medical care. * Promote screening of newborns whose mothers HIV status is not known (Center for Disease Control, 2010).Historically, HIV and AIDS have been treated differently from other diseases or conditions. Since the last decade or so, it has changed, as far as how it is viewed medically. No longer is AIDS viewed as a deadly condition, rather its more looked at as a chronic, long term condition, that is treated like other diseases, we treat the symptoms, and the secondary infections. The problem with AIDS/HIV is the public doesnt have the knowledge that the medical community has, and will probably never understand, or believe the real ways of undertake the infection.We as health care professionals need to continue to inform the public regarding prevention, and encourage more public awareness of the need to be tested before it is too late. References Barney, R. , Buckingham, S. , Friedrich, J. , Johnson, L. , Robinson, M. , Sar. , B. (2010, Mar). The Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) A Social Work Ethical Analysis and Recommendations. diary of Sociology &038 Social Welfare. 37(1), 9-22. Retrieved from Ebscohost database. Bashook, P. , Linsk, N. , Jacob, B. , Aguado, P. (2010, Feb). Outcomes of acquired immune deficiency syndrome Education And Training Center HIV/Aids Skill-Building Workshops on Provider Practices. Aids Education and Prevention. 22 (1), 49. Retrieved from ProQuest database. Center for Disease Control. (2010). A Career with the CDC Global Aids Program. Retrieved from http//www. cdc. gov/globalAIDS/johs. html Falvo, D. (2009). Medical &038 Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Illness &038 Disability. Boston Jones &038 Bartlett. HIV/AIDS ALL. (2010). Retrieved from http//www. mayoclinic. com References Insert References Here.